RACING RULES 2021-2024

RACING RULES OF SAILING

DEFINITIONS

Abandon
A race that a race committee or protest committee abandons is void but may be resailed.

Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap
One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead. They overlap when neither is clear astern. However, they also overlap when a boat between them overlaps both. These terms always apply to boats on the same tack. They do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unless rule 18 applies or both boats are sailing more than ninety degrees from the true wind.

Fetching
A boat is fetching a mark when she is in a position to pass to windward of it and leave it on the required side without changing tack.

Finish
A boat finishes when any part of her hull, or crew or equipment in normal position, crosses the finishing line from the course side. However, she has not finished if after crossing the finishing line she

(a) takes a penalty under rule 44.2, (b) corrects an error under rule 28.2 made at the line, or (c) continues to sail the course.

Interested Party
A person who may gain or lose as a result of a protest committee’s decision, or who has a close personal interest in the decision.

Keep Clear
A boat keeps clear of a right-of-way boat
(a) if the right-of-way boat can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action and, (b) when the boats are overlapped, if the right-of-way boat can also change course in both directions without immediately making contact.

Leeward and Windward
A boat’s leeward side is the side that is or, when she is head to wind, was away from the wind. However, when sailing by the lee or directly downwind, her leeward side is the side on which her mainsail lies. The other side is her windward side. When two boats on the same tack overlap, the one on the leeward side of the other is the leeward boat. The other is the windward boat.

Mark
An object the sailing instructions require a boat to leave on a specified side, and a race committee boat surrounded by navigable water from which the starting or finishing line extends. An anchor line or an object attached accidentally to a mark is not part of it.

Mark-Room
Room for a boat to leave a mark on the required side. Also, (a) room to sail to the mark when her proper course is to sail close to it, and (b) room to round the mark as necessary to sail the course.

However, mark-room for a boat does not include room to tack unless she is overlapped inside and to windward of the boat required to give mark-room and she would be fetching the mark after her tack.

Obstruction
An object that a boat could not pass without changing course substantially, if she were sailing directly towards it and one of her hull lengths from it. An object that can be safely passed on only one side and an area so designated by the sailing instructions are also obstructions. However, a boat racing is not an obstruction to other boats unless they are required to keep clear of her or, if rule 23 applies, avoid her. A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing obstruction.

Overlap
See Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap.

Party
A party to a hearing is
(a) for a protest hearing: a protestor, a protestee; (b) for a request for redress: a boat requesting redress or for which redress is requested, a race committee acting under rule 60.2(b); (c) for a request for redress under rule 62.1(a): the body alleged to have made an improper action or omission; (d) a boat or a competitor that may be penalized under rule 69.2. However, the protest committee is never a party.

Postpone
A postponed race is delayed before its scheduled start but may be started or abandoned later.

Proper Course
A course a boat would sail to finish as soon as possible in the absence of the other boats referred to in the rule using the term. A boat has no proper course before her starting signal.

Protest
An allegation made under rule 61.2 by a boat, a race committee or a protest committee that a boat has broken a rule.

Racing
A boat is racing from her preparatory signal until she finishes and clears the finishing line and marks or retires, or until the race committee signals a general recall, postponement or abandonment.

Room
The space a boat needs in the existing conditions, including space to comply with her obligations under the rules of Part 2 and rule 31, while manoeuvring promptly in a seamanlike way.

Rule (a)
The rules in this book, including the Definitions, Race Signals, Introduction, preambles and the rules of relevant appendices, but not titles; (b) ISAF Regulation 19, Eligibility Code; Regulation 20, Advertising Code; Regulation 21, Anti-Doping Code; and Regulation 22, Sailor Classification Code; (c) the prescriptions of the national authority, unless they are changed by the sailing instructions in compliance with the national authority’s prescription, if any, to rule 88.2; (d) the class rules (for a boat racing under a handicap or rating system, the rules of that system are ‘class rules’); (e) the notice of race; (f) the sailing instructions; and (g) any other documents that govern the event.

Start
A boat starts when, having been entirely on the pre-start side of the starting line at or after her starting signal, and having complied with rule 30.1 if it applies, any part of her hull, crew or equipment crosses the starting line in the direction of the first mark.

Tack, Starboard or Port
A boat is on the tack, starboard or port, corresponding to her windward side.
Windward See Leeward and Windward.

Zone
The area around a mark within a distance of three hull lengths of the boat nearer to it. A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in the zone.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

SPORTSMANSHIP AND THE RULES
Competitors in the sport of sailing are governed by a body of rules that they are expected to follow and enforce. A fundamental principle of sportsmanship is that when competitors break a rule they will promptly take a penalty, which may be to retire.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
Participants are encouraged to minimize any adverse environmental impact of the sport of sailing.

FUNDAMENTAL RULES

1 SAFETY

1.1 Helping Those in Danger

A boat, competitor or support person shall give all possible help to any

person or vessel in danger.

1.2 Life-Saving Equipment and Personal Flotation Devices

A boat shall carry adequate life-saving equipment for all persons on

board, including one item ready for immediate use, unless her class

rules make some other provision. Each competitor is individually

responsible for wearing a personal flotation device adequate for the

conditions.

2 FAIR SAILING

A boat and her owner shall compete in compliance with recognized

principles of sportsmanship and fair play. A boat may be penalized

under this rule only if it is clearly established that these principles have

been violated. The penalty shall be a disqualification that is not

excludable.

 

Part 1 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

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3 DECISION TO RACE

The responsibility for a boat’s decision to participate in a race or to

continue racing is hers alone.

4 ACCEPTANCE OF THE RULES

4.1 (a) By participating or intending to participate in an event conducted

under the rules, each competitor and boat owner agrees to accept

the rules.

(b) A support person by providing support, or a parent or guardian

by permitting their child to enter an event, agrees to accept the

rules.

4.2 Each competitor and boat owner agrees, on behalf of their support

persons, that such support persons are bound by the rules.

4.3 Acceptance of the rules includes agreement

(a) to be governed by the rules;

(b) to accept the penalties imposed and other action taken under the

rules, subject to the appeal and review procedures provided in

them, as the final determination of any matter arising under the

rules;

(c) with respect to any such determination, not to resort to any court

of law or tribunal not provided for in the rules; and

(d) by each competitor and boat owner to ensure that their support

persons are aware of the rules.

4.4 The person in charge of each boat shall ensure that all competitors in

the crew and the boat’s owner are aware of their responsibilities under

this rule.

4.5 This rule may be changed by a prescription of the national authority

of the venue.

5 RULES GOVERNING ORGANIZING AUTHORITIES

AND OFFICIALS

The organizing authority, race committee, technical committee,

protest committee and other race officials shall be governed by the

rules in the conduct and judging of the event.

 

Part 1 FUNDAMENTAL RULES

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6 WORLD SAILING REGULATIONS

6.1 Each competitor, boat owner and support person shall comply with

the World Sailing Regulations that have been designated by World

Sailing as having the status of a rule. These regulations as of 30 June

2020 are the World Sailing:

Advertising Code

Anti-Doping Code

Betting and Anti-Corruption Code

Disciplinary Code

Eligibility Code

Sailor Categorization Code

6.2 Rule 63.1 does not apply unless protests are permitted in the

Regulation alleged to have been broken.

 

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PART 2

WHEN BOATS MEET

The rules of Part 2 apply between boats that are sailing in or near the

racing area and intend to race, are racing, or have been racing.

However, a boat not racing shall not be penalized for breaking one of

these rules, except rule 14 when the incident resulted in injury or

serious damage, or rule 23.1.

When a boat sailing under these rules meets a vessel that is not, she

shall comply with the International Regulations for Preventing

Collisions at Sea (IRPCAS) or government right-of-way rules. If the

notice of race so states, the rules of Part 2 are replaced by the rightof-

way rules of the IRPCAS or by government right-of-way rules.

SECTION A

RIGHT OF WAY

A boat has right of way over another boat when the other boat is

required to keep clear of her. However, some rules in Sections B, C

and D limit the actions of a right-of-way boat.

10 ON OPPOSITE TACKS

When boats are on opposite tacks, a port-tack boat shall keep clear of

a starboard-tack boat.

11 ON THE SAME TACK, OVERLAPPED

When boats are on the same tack and overlapped, a windward boat

shall keep clear of a leeward boat.

12 ON THE SAME TACK, NOT OVERLAPPED

When boats are on the same tack and not overlapped, a boat clear

astern shall keep clear of a boat clear ahead.

13 WHILE TACKING

After a boat passes head to wind, she shall keep clear of other boats

until she is on a close-hauled course. During that time rules 10, 11 andPart 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

15

12 do not apply. If two boats are subject to this rule at the same time,

the one on the other’s port side or the one astern shall keep clear.

SECTION B

GENERAL LIMITATIONS

14 AVOIDING CONTACT

A boat shall avoid contact with another boat if reasonably possible.

However, a right-of-way boat, or one sailing within the room or markroom

to which she is entitled, need not act to avoid contact until it is

clear that the other boat is not keeping clear or giving room or markroom.

15 ACQUIRING RIGHT OF WAY

When a boat acquires right of way, she shall initially give the other

boat room to keep clear, unless she acquires right of way because of

the other boat’s actions.

16 CHANGING COURSE

16.1 When a right-of-way boat changes course, she shall give the other boat

room to keep clear.

16.2 In addition, on a beat to windward when a port-tack boat is keeping

clear by sailing to pass to leeward of a starboard-tack boat, the

starboard-tack boat shall not bear away if as a result the port-tack boat

must change course immediately to continue keeping clear.

17 ON THE SAME TACK; PROPER COURSE

If a boat clear astern becomes overlapped within two of her hull

lengths to leeward of a boat on the same tack, she shall not sail above

her proper course while they remain on the same tack and overlapped

within that distance, unless in doing so she promptly sails astern of the

other boat. This rule does not apply if the overlap begins while the

windward boat is required by rule 13 to keep clear.

 

Part 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

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SECTION C

AT MARKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Section C rules do not apply at a starting mark surrounded by

navigable water or at its anchor line from the time boats are

approaching them to start until they have passed them.

18 MARK-ROOM

18.1 When Rule 18 Applies

Rule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a mark

on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone. However, it

does not apply

(a) between boats on opposite tacks on a beat to windward,

(b) between boats on opposite tacks when the proper course at the

mark for one but not both of them is to tack,

(c) between a boat approaching a mark and one leaving it, or

(d) if the mark is a continuing obstruction, in which case rule 19

applies.

Rule 18 no longer applies between boats when mark-room has been

given.

18.2 Giving Mark-Room

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside

boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone,

the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside

boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the

zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give

her mark-room.

(c) When a boat is required to give mark-room by rule 18.2(b),

(1) she shall continue to do so even if later an overlap is

broken or a new overlap begins;

(2) if she becomes overlapped inside the boat entitled to markroom,

she shall also give that boat room to sail her proper

course while they remain overlapped.

 

Part 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

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(d) Rules 18.2(b) and (c) cease to apply if the boat entitled to markroom

passes head to wind or leaves the zone.

(e) If there is reasonable doubt that a boat obtained or broke an

overlap in time, it shall be presumed that she did not.

(f) If a boat obtained an inside overlap from clear astern or by

tacking to windward of the other boat and, from the time the

overlap began, the outside boat has been unable to give markroom,

she is not required to give it.

18.3 Passing Head to Wind in the Zone

If a boat in the zone of a mark to be left to port passes head to wind

from port to starboard tack and is then fetching the mark, she shall not

cause a boat that has been on starboard tack since entering the zone to

sail above close-hauled to avoid contact and she shall give mark-room

if that boat becomes overlapped inside her. When this rule applies

between boats, rule 18.2 does not apply between them.

18.4 Gybing

When an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must gybe at a mark to

sail her proper course, until she gybes she shall sail no farther from

the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at a

gate mark.

19 ROOM TO PASS AN OBSTRUCTION

19.1 When Rule 19 Applies

Rule 19 applies between two boats at an obstruction except

(a) when the obstruction is a mark the boats are required to leave on

the same side, or

(b) when rule 18 applies between the boats and the obstruction is

another boat overlapped with each of them.

However, at a continuing obstruction, rule 19 always applies and rule

18 does not.

 

Part 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

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19.2 Giving Room at an Obstruction

(a) A right-of-way boat may choose to pass an obstruction on either

side.

(b) When boats are overlapped, the outside boat shall give the inside

boat room between her and the obstruction, unless she has been

unable to do so from the time the overlap began.

(c) While boats are passing a continuing obstruction, if a boat that

was clear astern and required to keep clear becomes overlapped

between the other boat and the obstruction and, at the moment

the overlap begins, there is not room for her to pass between

them,

(1) she is not entitled to room under rule 19.2(b), and

(2) while the boats remain overlapped, she shall keep clear

and rules 10 and 11 do not apply.

20 ROOM TO TACK AT AN OBSTRUCTION

20.1 Hailing

A boat may hail for room to tack and avoid a boat on the same tack.

However, she shall not hail unless

(a) she is approaching an obstruction and will soon need to make a

substantial course change to avoid it safely, and

(b) she is sailing close-hauled or above.

In addition, she shall not hail if the obstruction is a mark and a boat

that is fetching it would be required to change course as a result of the

hail.

20.2 Responding

(a) After a boat hails, she shall give a hailed boat time to respond.

(b) A hailed boat shall respond even if the hail breaks rule 20.1.

(c) A hailed boat shall respond either by tacking as soon as possible,

or by immediately replying ‘You tack’ and then giving the

hailing boat room to tack and avoid her.

(d) When a hailed boat responds, the hailing boat shall tack as soon

as possible.

(e) From the time a boat hails until she has tacked and avoided a

hailed boat, rule 18.2 does not apply between them.

 

Part 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

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20.3 Passing On a Hail to an Additional Boat

When a boat has been hailed for room to tack and she intends to

respond by tacking, she may hail another boat on the same tack for

room to tack and avoid her. She may hail even if her hail does not meet

the conditions of rule 20.1. Rule 20.2 applies between her and a boat

she hails.

20.4 Additional Requirements for Hails

(a) When conditions are such that a hail may not be heard, the boat

shall also make a signal that clearly indicates her need for room

to tack or her response.

(b) The notice of race may specify an alternative communication for

a boat to indicate her need for room to tack or her response, and

require boats to use it.

SECTION D

OTHER RULES

When rule 21 or 22 applies between two boats, Section A rules do not.

21 STARTING ERRORS; TAKING PENALTIES;

BACKING A SAIL

21.1 A boat sailing towards the pre-start side of the starting line or one of

its extensions after her starting signal to start or to comply with rule

30.1 shall keep clear of a boat not doing so until her hull is completely

on the pre-start side.

21.2 A boat taking a penalty shall keep clear of one that is not.

21.3 A boat moving astern, or sideways to windward, through the water by

backing a sail shall keep clear of one that is not.

22 CAPSIZED, ANCHORED OR AGROUND; RESCUING

If possible, a boat shall avoid a boat that is capsized or has not regained

control after capsizing, is anchored or aground, or is trying to help a

person or vessel in danger. A boat is capsized when her masthead is in

the water.

 

Part 2 WHEN BOATS MEET

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23 INTERFERING WITH ANOTHER BOAT

23.1 If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall not interfere with a boat

that is racing.

23.2 If reasonably possible, a boat shall not interfere with a boat that is

taking a penalty, sailing on another leg or subject to rule 21.1.

However, after the starting signal this rule does not apply when the

boat is sailing her proper course.